Complete clinical reference on catheter complications: thrombosis, occlusion, phlebitis, infiltration, extravasation, air embolism, malposition, and skin injury — recognition, prevention, and evidence-based management.
Complete guide to phlebitis in vascular access: types (mechanical, chemical, bacterial, post-infusion), INS VIP phlebitis scale, grading criteria, site-specific management, and prevention strategies per INS 2021.
Complete guide to IV infiltration and extravasation: INS infiltration staging scale (0–4), vesicant vs. non-vesicant injury, antidote table (dexrazoxane, hyaluronidase, phentolamine), emergency response, and prevention.
Complete clinical guide to catheter-associated thrombosis: PICC-associated UEDVT (incidence, risk factors, diagnosis), fibrin sheath, treatment options (anticoagulation, catheter removal decision), and prevention strategies.
Complete clinical guide to catheter occlusion management: occlusion types (thrombotic, non-thrombotic, mechanical), alteplase protocol (2 mg/2 mL), troubleshooting approach, non-thrombotic occlusion management, and prevention with SASH flushing.
Guide to CVAD malposition types, recognition, and management: primary malposition (at insertion), secondary malposition (tip migration), IJ, azygos, subclavian, and RA malpositions, repositioning techniques, and prevention.
Complete guide to air embolism in vascular access: pathophysiology, prevention during insertion and removal, recognition of venous air embolism, emergency management (Durant's maneuver, aspiration, oxygen therapy), and high-risk scenarios.