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Surviving Sepsis Campaign: International Guidelines for the Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock in Children 2026

Complete clinical reference for the 2026 Surviving Sepsis Campaign pediatric guidelines — 61 evidence-based recommendations covering recognition, antimicrobial therapy, fluid therapy, hemodynamic management, vasoactive medications, ventilation, corticosteroids, metabolic management, blood products, renal replacement therapy, ECMO, immune therapies, long-term follow-up, and prophylaxis in pediatric sepsis and septic shock.

SSC 2026 — Part 6: Goals of Care, Transitions & Long-Term Outcomes

Surviving Sepsis Campaign 2026 recommendations for goals of care discussions, advanced directives, time-limited trials, palliative care, ICU transition programs, handoff processes, medication reconciliation, discharge planning, patient and family education, post-critical illness follow-up, physical rehabilitation, mental health support, and cognitive recovery in adult sepsis and septic shock.

SSC Children 2026 — Part 5: Long-Term Follow-Up & Prophylaxis

Surviving Sepsis Campaign 2026 pediatric recommendations for immune stimulants in immunoparalysis, immunosuppressive therapy for hyperferritinemia, early rehabilitation bundles, targeted posthospital follow-up, post-sepsis morbidity screening, stress ulcer prophylaxis, VTE prophylaxis, nutrition, and blood products in children with sepsis.

SSC 2026 — Part 5: Adjunctive & Supportive Therapies

Surviving Sepsis Campaign 2026 recommendations for IV corticosteroids, antipyretic therapy, IV vitamin C, IV immunoglobulins, blood purification, polymyxin B hemoperfusion, vitamin D, XueBiJing, stress ulcer prophylaxis, probiotics, active fluid removal, restrictive transfusion, enteral nutrition, insulin therapy, renal replacement therapy, sodium bicarbonate, and VTE prophylaxis in adult sepsis and septic shock.

SSC Children 2026 — Part 4: Corticosteroids, Metabolic & Adjunctive Therapies

Surviving Sepsis Campaign 2026 pediatric recommendations for hydrocortisone, fever management, sodium bicarbonate, calcium, levothyroxine, vitamin C, thiamine, vitamin D, fluid balance, high-volume hemofiltration, plasma exchange for TAMOF, extracorporeal blood purification, ECMO, immunosuppressive therapy management, and IVIG in pediatric sepsis.

SSC 2026 — Part 4: Respiratory Support

Surviving Sepsis Campaign 2026 recommendations for oxygenation monitoring, oxygen targets, high flow nasal cannula, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation, awake proning, lung-protective ventilation, tidal volumes, plateau pressure limits, PEEP strategy, prone ventilation, neuromuscular blockade, and veno-venous ECMO in adult sepsis and septic shock.

SSC Children 2026 — Part 3: Vasoactive Medications & Ventilation

Surviving Sepsis Campaign 2026 pediatric recommendations for vasoactive medication timing, epinephrine vs norepinephrine, peripheral vasoactive initiation, vasopressin, inodilators, angiotensin II, methylene blue, intubation in septic shock, etomidate avoidance, and conservative SpO2 targets in children.

SSC 2026 — Part 3: Hemodynamic Management

Surviving Sepsis Campaign 2026 recommendations for blood pressure monitoring, fluid type selection, balanced crystalloids, albumin, liberal vs restrictive fluid strategies, dynamic measures for fluid responsiveness, cardiac output monitoring, serial lactate, capillary refill time, vasopressor hierarchy, inotropes, methylene blue, midodrine, and beta-blockers in adult sepsis and septic shock.

SSC Children 2026 — Part 2: Source Control, Fluid Therapy & Hemodynamic Management

Surviving Sepsis Campaign 2026 pediatric recommendations for emergent source control, intravascular device removal, fluid bolus therapy in septic shock, fluid therapy in non-ICU settings, balanced crystalloids vs saline, hemodynamic assessment, ScvO2 targeting, advanced monitoring, and point-of-care ultrasound in pediatric sepsis.

SSC 2026 — Part 2: Infection — Antimicrobial Therapy & Source Control

Surviving Sepsis Campaign 2026 recommendations for antimicrobial timing by diagnostic certainty, prehospital antibiotics, source control, empiric MDR and antifungal coverage, anaerobic coverage, rapid diagnostics, prolonged beta-lactam infusion, therapeutic drug monitoring, de-escalation, procalcitonin-guided discontinuation, and selective decontamination of the digestive tract.

SSC Children 2026 — Part 1: Recognition, Screening & Antimicrobial Therapy

Surviving Sepsis Campaign 2026 pediatric recommendations for sepsis screening, performance improvement programs, blood lactate, blood cultures, molecular testing, antimicrobial timing, empiric broad-spectrum therapy, beta-lactam infusion strategies, de-escalation, procalcitonin-guided therapy, and infectious diseases consultation in children.

SSC 2026 — Part 1: Screening & Early Management

Surviving Sepsis Campaign 2026 recommendations for performance improvement programs, code sepsis protocols, prehospital and in-hospital screening, biomarkers, blood cultures, lactate measurement, initial fluid resuscitation, vasopressor timing, peripheral vasopressor initiation, MAP targets, and ICU admission.

Emergency Medicine

Comprehensive, evidence-based clinical guidelines for emergency medicine practice — cardiac emergencies, stroke, trauma, toxicology, airway management, pediatrics, and procedural care.

Emergency Department Clinical Guidelines

Comprehensive, evidence-based clinical guidelines for emergency medicine practice — synthesized from multiple professional society recommendations covering cardiac emergencies, stroke, trauma, toxicology, airway management, pediatrics, and procedural care.

Acute Stroke Management: A Comprehensive Emergency Guideline

Evidence-based guideline for recognition, evaluation, thrombolysis, thrombectomy, and management of ischemic stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage in the emergency department.

Trauma Primary and Secondary Survey — Part 5: Special Trauma Populations

Pediatric trauma (vital signs by age, Broselow, non-accidental trauma), geriatric trauma (anticoagulant reversal, occult shock), pregnant trauma (physiologic changes, perimortem C-section), burns (Parkland formula, rule of nines, escharotomy), and penetrating vs blunt selective non-operative management.

Pediatric Emergencies — Part 5: Common Surgical Emergencies, Trauma & Neonatal Emergencies

Intussusception, pyloric stenosis, testicular torsion, PECARN head CT and abdominal trauma decision rules, solid organ injury non-operative management, non-accidental trauma screening, neonatal emergencies including hypoglycemia, congenital heart disease with PGE1, hyperbilirubinemia, and a comprehensive pediatric medication dosing reference table.

Trauma Primary and Secondary Survey — Part 4: Focused Injury-Specific Assessment

Head injury assessment, cervical spine clearance (Canadian C-Spine Rule, NEXUS), chest injury evaluation, abdominal assessment with AAST organ injury grading (liver, spleen, kidney), pelvic fracture management, extremity vascular injury and compartment syndrome, and spinal injury with TLICS scoring.

Toxicology and Overdose Management — Part 4: Toxic Alcohols, Metals, Organophosphates, Environmental & Chemical Poisonings

Complete management of methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning (fomepizole, hemodialysis), carbon monoxide, cyanide, organophosphates and nerve agents, iron poisoning, caustic ingestions, local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST), sympathomimetic toxicity, and enhanced elimination techniques including urinary alkalinization and EXTRIP hemodialysis indications.

Sepsis and Septic Shock — Part 4: Corticosteroids & Organ Support

Corticosteroid indications and evidence in septic shock, mechanical ventilation in sepsis-induced ARDS, renal replacement therapy, blood product management, glucose management, DVT and stress ulcer prophylaxis, and nutrition.

Pediatric Emergencies — Part 4: Neurologic, Metabolic & Fluid Emergencies

Febrile seizure evaluation, status epilepticus protocol with stepwise treatment, clinical dehydration assessment, WHO dehydration classification, ORT protocol, IV fluid calculation with Holliday-Segar rule, hyponatremia correction, and pediatric diabetic ketoacidosis management including 2-bag system and cerebral edema monitoring.

Acute Stroke Management — Part 4: Intracerebral Hemorrhage

ICH pathophysiology, ICH Score, hematoma expansion, blood pressure management (INTERACT2, ATACH-2), anticoagulant reversal protocols, surgical intervention criteria (STICH, MISTIE III, ENRICH), and ICP management.

Traumatic Brain Injury — Part 3: ICP Management & Surgical Indications

ICP monitoring indications, ICP and CPP targets, complete tiered ICP management protocol with dosing, hyperosmolar therapy, EVD drainage, decompressive craniectomy (DECRA, RESCUEicp), barbiturate coma, and surgical indications for epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma, depressed skull fracture, and posterior fossa lesions.

Pediatric Emergencies — Part 3: Pediatric Sepsis & Febrile Infant Evaluation

Pediatric sepsis recognition with age-specific SIRS criteria, sepsis resuscitation protocol, vasopressor selection, antibiotic guidance, febrile infant risk stratification by age, Rochester-Philadelphia-Boston criteria comparison, PECARN febrile infant rule, and neonatal CSF interpretation.

Pediatric Emergencies — Part 2: Pediatric Respiratory Emergencies

Croup scoring and management, bronchiolitis evaluation and supportive care, acute asthma severity classification and stepwise treatment, anaphylaxis recognition and epinephrine dosing, and foreign body aspiration management.

Acute Stroke Management — Part 2: Intravenous Thrombolysis

Alteplase and tenecteplase dosing, complete inclusion/exclusion criteria for 0-3h and 3-4.5h windows, blood pressure management peri-thrombolysis, orolingual angioedema, and hemorrhagic transformation.

Acute Airway Management & RSI — Part 2: RSI Protocol & Medications

Complete RSI protocol including preparation, pretreatment agents, induction agents with dosing tables, neuromuscular blocking agents with contraindications and reversal, paralysis verification, post-intubation sedation, confirmation of intubation, awake intubation, and drug-assisted intubation without paralysis.

Intraosseous Vascular Access

Evidence-based standards for the clinical evaluation, insertion, management, complication monitoring, and removal of intraosseous vascular access devices across emergent and non-emergent clinical applications in adult and pediatric patients.